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Robert of Jumièges
Robert of Jumièges (sometimes Robert Chambert or Robert Champart; died between 1052 and 1055) was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury.〔Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 50〕 He had previously served as prior of the Abbey of St Ouen at Rouen in Normandy, before becoming abbot of Jumièges Abbey, near Rouen, in 1037. He was a good friend and advisor to the king of England, Edward the Confessor, who appointed him Bishop of London in 1044, and then archbishop in 1051. Robert's time as archbishop lasted only about eighteen months. He had already come into conflict with the powerful Earl Godwin of Wessex, and while archbishop made attempts to recover lands lost to Godwin and his family. He also refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, Edward's choice to succeed Robert as Bishop of London. The rift between Robert and Godwin culminated in Robert's deposition and exile in 1052.
A Norman medieval chronicler, claimed that Robert travelled to Normandy in 1051 or 1052 and told Duke William of Normandy, the future William the Conqueror, that Edward wished for him to become his heir. The exact timing of Robert's trip, and whether he actually made it, have been the subject of debate among historians. The archbishop died in exile at Jumièges sometime between 1052 and 1055. Robert commissioned significant building work at Jumièges and was probably involved in the first Romanesque building in England, the church built in Westminster for Edward the Confessor, now known as Westminster Abbey. Robert's treatment by the English was used by William the Conqueror as one of the justifications for his invasion of England.
==Background and life in Normandy==
Robert was prior of the monastery of St Ouen at Rouen before he became abbot of the important Jumièges Abbey〔Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 167–170〕〔Barlow ''English Church 1000–1066'' p. 44〕 in 1037.〔 Jumièges had been refounded under William Longsword, Duke of Normandy.〔Crouch ''Normandy Before 1066'' p. 30〕〔Crouch ''Normans'' p. 12〕 around 940,〔Crouch ''Normandy Before 1066'' p. 58〕 Its ties with the ducal family were close and it played a role in ducal government and church reform.〔Crouch ''Normandy Before 1066'' pp. 193–194〕 Robert's alternate surname "Champart" or "Chambert" probably derived from champart, a term for the part of a crop paid as rent to a landlord. Besides evidence that the preceding abbot at Jumièges was a relative, Robert's origin and family background are otherwise unknown. While abbot, Robert began construction of the abbey church, in the new Romanesque style.〔Cowdrey "Robert of Jumièges" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕
Robert became friendly with Edward the Confessor, a claimant to the English throne, while Edward was living in exile in Normandy, probably in the 1030s.〔 Edward was the son of Æthelred the Unready, king of England, who had been replaced by Cnut the Great in 1016. Cnut subsequently married Æthelred's widow Emma of Normandy, Edward's mother, and had a son with her, Harthacanute. For their own safety, Edward and his brother Alfred were sent to Emma's relatives in Normandy.〔Hindley ''Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons'' pp. 306–310〕 After Cnut's death in 1035, Harold Harefoot, his elder son by his first wife, acceded to the English throne. Following Harald's death in 1040, Harthacanute succeeded him for a short time, but as neither Harald nor Harthacanute left offspring, the throne was offered to Edward on Harthacanute's death in 1042.〔Hindley ''Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons'' pp. 315–318〕 There is some evidence that Edward spent some of his time in exile around Jumièges, as after becoming king he gave gifts to the abbey.〔Crouch ''Normans'' p. 78〕
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